Abstract
Purpose
This literature review attempts to determine the most effective biomarkers to diagnose the most common types of dementia.
Methods
Information from articles in various databases (PubMed, ProQuest, NIH, etc.) were compiled to form a list of biomarkers for the most common types of dementia.
Results
Biomarkers specific to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) include increased p-tau & t-tau, decreased Aβ42, increased GFAP, CHIT1, & YKL-40, and increased glutamic acid, hypoxanthine, & anthranilic acid. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) biomarkers include decreased p-tau & t-tau, increased Aβ42/40, increased GFAP, CHIT1 & YKL-40, fastest change in NPTX2 & neurofilament light chain, and MRI anterior vs. posterior index. Biomarkers for vascular dementia (VaD) include decreased brevican & neurocan peptides (compared to AD) and increased MR-proANP & CT-proET-1. Finally, Lewy body dementia (LBD) biomarkers include decreased CSF ⍺-synuclein (compared to AD) and increased GFAP.
Conclusion
Understanding the specific biomarkers for each type of dementia is crucial in establishing an early and definitive diagnosis that can determine the appropriate course of treatment. Each of the biomarkers outlined in this literature review vary in their clinical applicability. Although some of them have already been incorporated into clinical practice alongside manifestations and symptoms characteristic to each type of dementia, other biomarkers (REPS1, etc.) still require further research and studies before they are put to use.
Included in
Literature Review: Diagnosing Types of Dementia Using Biomarkers
Purpose
This literature review attempts to determine the most effective biomarkers to diagnose the most common types of dementia.
Methods
Information from articles in various databases (PubMed, ProQuest, NIH, etc.) were compiled to form a list of biomarkers for the most common types of dementia.
Results
Biomarkers specific to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) include increased p-tau & t-tau, decreased Aβ42, increased GFAP, CHIT1, & YKL-40, and increased glutamic acid, hypoxanthine, & anthranilic acid. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) biomarkers include decreased p-tau & t-tau, increased Aβ42/40, increased GFAP, CHIT1 & YKL-40, fastest change in NPTX2 & neurofilament light chain, and MRI anterior vs. posterior index. Biomarkers for vascular dementia (VaD) include decreased brevican & neurocan peptides (compared to AD) and increased MR-proANP & CT-proET-1. Finally, Lewy body dementia (LBD) biomarkers include decreased CSF ⍺-synuclein (compared to AD) and increased GFAP.
Conclusion
Understanding the specific biomarkers for each type of dementia is crucial in establishing an early and definitive diagnosis that can determine the appropriate course of treatment. Each of the biomarkers outlined in this literature review vary in their clinical applicability. Although some of them have already been incorporated into clinical practice alongside manifestations and symptoms characteristic to each type of dementia, other biomarkers (REPS1, etc.) still require further research and studies before they are put to use.